{"id":777,"date":"2018-01-13T18:12:46","date_gmt":"2018-01-13T10:12:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.szjunbai.com\/?p=777"},"modified":"2018-01-15T10:09:08","modified_gmt":"2018-01-15T02:09:08","slug":"%e8%bd%af%e4%bb%b6%e5%b7%a5%e7%a8%8b%e5%b8%88%e7%8e%8b%e5%b7%a5%e5%88%86%e4%ba%ab%e3%80%8a%e5%b7%a5%e4%b8%9a%e5%b7%a8%e5%ad%90%e3%80%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.szjunbai.com\/777.html","title":{"rendered":"\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u738b\u5de5\u5206\u4eab\u300a\u5de5\u4e1a\u5de8\u5b50\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u77f3\u6cb9\u5927\u4ea8\u7ea6\u7ff0.D.\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u4e00\u751f\u4f20\u5947\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.3djisu.com\/uploads\/image\/180113060908.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"749\" \/><br \/>\n<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u738b\u5de5\u4ece\u4eba\u7269\u7b80\u4ecb\u3001\u4e8b\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u3001\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5f71\u54cd\u7b49\u4e09\u65b9\u9762\u5168\u9762\u7b80\u4ecb\u5730\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0.D.\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u4f20\u5947\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002<br \/>\n\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u68ee\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2(John Davison Rockefeller)(1839\u5e747\u67088\u65e5\u20131937\u5e745\u670823\u65e5)\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u91cc\u5947\u798f\u5fb7\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6148\u5584\u5bb6\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\uff0c1870\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\uff0c\u662f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ebf\u4e07\u5bcc\u7fc1\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7236\u4eb2\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u57c3\u5f17\u91cc\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u724c\u6e38\u533b\u4e14\u4e0d\u6b63\u89c4\u7684\u201c\u6c5f\u6e56\u90ce\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u7236\u4eb2\u7cbe\u6253\u7ec6\u7b97\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5934\u8111\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1b\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4f0a\u83b1\u624e\u00b7\u6234\u7ef4\u68ee\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u6d78\u793c\u4f1a\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u81ea\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u5c0f\u7ed9\u4ed6\u704c\u8f93\u8282\u4fed\uff0c\u52e4\u52c9\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u704c\u8f93\u7ed9\u7ea6\u7ff0.D.\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u690d\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cbe\u660e\u7684\u5934\u8111\u548c\u4e00\u751f\u52e4\u4fed\u8282\u7ea6\u7684\u597d\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u8fd9\u7ed9\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5927\u4ea8\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002<br \/>\n1855\u5e749\u6708\uff0c16\u5c81\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u516d\u4e2a\u793c\u62dc\u7684\u6c42\u804c\u540e\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5728Hewitt &amp; Tuttle\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5206\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u7c3f\u8bb0\u5458\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u4ed6\u7684\u6708\u85aa\u662f17\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u9886\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u5206\u85aa\u6c34\u7684\u4ed6\u5411\u81ea\u5df1\u627f\u8bfa\uff1a\u672a\u6765\u6bd5\u751f\u90fd\u8981\u6350\u51fa\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e8e\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u30023\u5e74\u540e\u76841858\u5e74\uff0c19\u5c81\u7684\u4ed6\u5df2\u79bb\u804c\u4e0e\u514b\u62c9\u514b(Maurice B. Clark\uff09\u5408\u4f19\u5f00\u59cb\u72ec\u7acb\u7ecf\u8425\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u8f6c\u552e\u7684\u751f\u610f\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u523b\u8d77\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.3djisu.com\/uploads\/image\/180113054707.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"824\" height=\"1191\" \/><br \/>\n1858\u5e74\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u79ef\u84c4800\u7f8e\u5143\u548c\u4ece\u7236\u4eb2\u90a3\u91cc\u501f\u6765\u76841000\u7f8e\u5143\u768419\u5c81\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5728\u4e0e\u83ab\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u5408\u4f19\u5f00\u59cb\u72ec\u7acb\u7ecf\u8425\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u8f6c\u552e\u7684\u751f\u610f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u8425\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e74\u5c31\u505a\u4e864.5\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u51c0\u8d5a4000\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u51c0\u8d5a1.2\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5206\u5f976000\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u505a\u751f\u610f\u65f6\u603b\u662f\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\uff0c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5341\u8db3\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u8a00\u800c\u6709\u4fe1\uff0c\u5f85\u4eba\u8bda\u6073\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u5bf9\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u7684\u505a\u4e8b\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5341\u5206\u6b23\u8d4f\uff0c\u4ed6\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8bf4\uff1a&#8221;\u4ed6\u6709\u6761\u4e0d\u7d0a\u5230\u6781\u70b9\uff0c\u7559\u5fc3\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u5dee\u5206\u6beb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e00\u5206\u94b1\u8be5\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fc5\u53d6\u6765\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c11\u7ed9\u5ba2\u6237\u4e00\u5206\u94b1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8981\u5ba2\u6237\u62ff\u8d70\u3002&#8221;<br \/>\n1859\u5e74\uff0c\u5bbe\u5dde\u5f00\u6316\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e3\u6cb9\u4e95\uff0c\u65e0\u6570\u4eba\u4eec\u75af\u72c2\u6d8c\u8fdb\u897f\u5317\uff0c\u6570\u4ee5\u5343\u8ba1\u7684\u6cb9\u4e95\u88ab\u80e1\u4e71\u5f00\u6316\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u514b\u5229\u592b\u5170\u3002\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5224\u65ad\u201c\u539f\u6cb9\u4ef7\u683c\u5fc5\u5c06\u5927\u8dcc\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u8d5a\u5230\u94b1\u7684\u662f\u70bc\u6cb9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u94bb\u6cb9\u3002\u201d\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6570\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u539f\u6cb9\u66b4\u8dcc\uff0c\u70bc\u6cb9\u901f\u5ea6\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ca\u94bb\u6cb9\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u94bb\u6cb9\u5546\u5fc5\u987b\u8d31\u4ef7\u629b\u552e\u539f\u6cb9\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7834\u4ea7\u30021863\u5e74\uff0c\u548c\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u4e24\u4eba\u7ec8\u4e8e\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6210\u7acbClark&amp; Rockefeller\u8f6c\u5411\u77f3\u6cb9\u63d0\u70bc\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u5e76\u63fd\u5165\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5408\u4f19\u4eba\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u65af(Samuel Andrews\uff09\u3002<br \/>\n1865\u5e74\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u548c\u8001\u5408\u4f19\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u7ecf\u8425\u65b9\u9488\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u7ea0\u7eb7\u3002\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5927\u91cf\u501f\u503a\u7b79\u63aa\u73b0\u91d1\uff0c\u5728\u62cd\u5356\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4ee572,500\u7f8e\u91d1\uff08\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u7b14\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5de8\u6b3e\uff09\u6210\u529f\u5c06\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u80a1\u6743\u5168\u6570\u4e70\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u53f8\u540d\u4ea6\u6539\u4e3aRockefeller &amp; Andrews\uff0c\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u4ece\u6b64\u79bb\u5f00\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\u3002\u8be5\u62cd\u5356\u5e38\u88ab\u540e\u4e16\u53f2\u5bb6\u89c6\u4e3a\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u77f3\u6cb9\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6218\u3002<br \/>\n1870\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u8d44\u672c\u603b\u989d\u4e3a100\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u65b0\u516c\u53f8&#8211;\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u8eab\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u521b\u529e\u4eba\u548c\u603b\u88c1\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u516c\u53f81\/4\u5f3a\u7684\u80a1\u6743\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e74\u4ec530\u5c81\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u7cbe\u7ec6\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u548c\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u58f0\u8a89\uff0c\u4e5f\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u80fd\u529b\u30021865\u5e74\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u521d\u8fdb\u77f3\u6cb9\u4e1a\u65f6\uff0c\u514b\u5229\u592b\u5170\u670955\u5bb6\u70bc\u6cb9\u5382\uff0c\u52301870\u5e74\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u53ea\u670926\u5bb6\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u30021872\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u5c31\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8fd926\u5bb6\u4e2d\u768421\u5bb6\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5e1d\u56fd\u65e5\u6e10\u6210\u578b\u3002\u81f31880\u5e74\u51e0\u4e4e\u5784\u65ad\u6574\u4e2a\u77f3\u6cb9\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u3002<br \/>\n\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56e0\u672c\u8eab\u5e9e\u5927\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u96be\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5371\u9669\u6027\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f0a\u75c5\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u683c\u5916\u91cd\u89c6\u3002<br \/>\n\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5728\u4e00\u672c\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u5199\u9053\uff1a&#8221;\u5c0f\u5546\u4eba\u65f6\u4ee3\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6765\u4e34\u3002&#8221;\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u8fd9\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5784\u65ad\u601d\u60f3\u4e0d\u8c0b\u800c\u5408\uff0c\u5c31\u5bf9\u6587\u7ae0\u4e88\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u9ad8\u8fbe500\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u6708\u85aa\u8058\u8bf7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u3002<br \/>\n\u591a\u5fb7\u53d7\u8058\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u62a5\u77e5\u9047\u4e4b\u6069\uff0c\u5c31\u5343\u65b9\u767e\u8ba1\u4e3a\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u5bfb\u627e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4ed4\u7ec6\u7814\u8bfb\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u6258\u5236\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86&#8221;\u6258\u62c9\u65af&#8221;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5784\u65ad\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<br \/>\n\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f&#8221;\u6258\u62c9\u65af&#8221;\u5462?\u5c31\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u540c\u7c7b\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u591a\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u5404\u81ea\u4e3a\u653f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8054\u5408\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c6\u56e2\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8d77\u6700\u521d\u7684&#8221;\u5361\u7279\u5c14&#8221;\uff0c\u5373\u90a3\u79cd\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u638c\u63e1\u5e02\u573a\u800c\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u65b9\u9762\u7ed3\u6210\u8054\u5408\u6218\u7ebf\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u6027\u8981\u5f3a\u5f97\u591a\u3002<br 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\/>\n19\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5927\u4e3e\u5411\u897f\u6b27\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6269\u5927\u6d77\u5916\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u827a\u5df2\u4f7f\u6807\u51c6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u4f18\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6807\u51c6\u516c\u53f8\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7164\u6cb9\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u5b83\u5206\u9001\u6389\u51e0\u767e\u4e07\u76cf\u5ec9\u4ef7\u7684\u6cb9\u706f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u548c\u70b9\u71c3\u6807\u51c6\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7164\u6cb9\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a&#8221;\u70b9\u71c3\u4e9a\u6d32\u5149\u660e\u4e4b\u706f&#8221;\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u516c\u53f8\u4e00\u6b65\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u628a\u77f3\u6cb9\u5e02\u573a\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u3002<br \/>\n1884\u5e74\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u628a\u6807\u51c6\u516c\u53f8\u603b\u90e8\u7531\u514b\u5229\u592b\u5170\u8fc1\u5230\u7ebd\u7ea6\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u77f3\u6cb9\u96c6\u56e2\u4f01\u4e1a\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u4ec1\u4e0d\u8ba9\u3001\u871a\u58f0\u6d77\u5185\u5916\u7684&#8221;\u77f3\u6cb9\u5927\u738b&#8221;\u3002\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u51e0\u7ecf\u66f4\u540d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u7f8e\u5b5a\u77f3\u6cb9\u516c\u53f8\u3002<br \/>\n1884\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e3b\u8981\u8d44\u91d1\u7ed9\u4e00\u6240\u5728\u4e9a\u7279\u5170\u5927\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u5b50\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u672a\u6765\u7684Spelman College\uff08\u540d\u5b57\u53d6\u81ea\u4ed6\u7684\u5cb3\u7236\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u6821\u6700\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4e00\u680b\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5927\u5385\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b83\u547d\u540d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u7ed9Denison University\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u5927\u5b66\u3002<br \/>\n1896\u5e74\uff0c57\u5c81\u7684\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u9000\u4f11\u4e86\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u9000\u4f11\u540e\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u653e\u5230\u4e86\u53d1\u5c55\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e0a\u3002\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u6350\u732e\u90fd\u8d85\u8fc7100\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u30021913\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86&#8221;\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a&#8221;\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u6350\u6b3e\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u6350\u6b3e\u603b\u989d\u9ad8\u8fbe5\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u4e4b\u591a\u3002\u540e\u4ee3\u6cbf\u88ad\u4ed6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u52301950\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u6350\u8d6025\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u4ee5\u4ed6\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u7684\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u57f9\u517b\u4e863\u4e2a\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u300112\u4e2a\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u548c\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a&#8221;\u4e9a\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u533b\u5b66\u9662&#8221;\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5317\u4eac\u534f\u548c\u533b\u9662\u5373\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6350\u6b3e\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u3002<br \/>\n1897\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u91cd\u5fc3\u6e10\u7531\u5546\u573a\u8f6c\u5411\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u4e24\u4f4d\u4eb2\u4fe1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5efa\u8bae\uff1aFrederick T. Gates\u4e0e\u513f\u5b50\u3002<br \/>\n\u4ed6\u7b03\u4fe1Efficiency Movement\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6bd4\u77f3\u6cb9\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u7ecf\u8425\u5e94\u5f53\u66f4\u4e3a\u7cbe\u51c6\u4e0e\u8bb2\u7a76\u6548\u7387\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u53bb\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e00\u6240\u4f4e\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6027\u4e0d\u9ad8\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u662f\u79cd\u6d6a\u8d39&#8230;&#8230;\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u6d6a\u8d39\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u7528\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0a\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u591a\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u6784\u7b51\u4e00\u5957\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e86\u2500\u2500\u8981\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8bdd\u3002\u201d<br \/>\n1900\u5e74\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e868000\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7ed9\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba9\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u6d78\u4fe1\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7ea7\u7684\u9876\u5c16\u5927\u5b66\u3002<br \/>\n\u4ed61902\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u901a\u624d\u6559\u80b2\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff08General Education Board\uff09\uff0c\u5b97\u65e8\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a8\u8fdb\u7f8e\u56fd\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5357\u65b9\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u672c\u673a\u6784\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5728\u4e8e\u8d44\u52a9\u4e861910\u5e74Flexner Report\u8ba1\u5212\uff08\u4e4b\u524d\u7531\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u8d44\u52a9\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u533b\u836f\u8d77\u4e86\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u4e5f\u5bf9\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u5927\u5b66\uff0cBryn Mawr\uff0cWellesley\uff0cVassar\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fc7\u8d44\u52a9\u3002<br \/>\n\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u987a\u52bf\u7597\u6cd5\u6709\u559c\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u76d6\u5179\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u533b\u836f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6350\u8d44\u8005\u30021901\u5e74\u4ed6\u6210\u7acb\u4e86Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research\u3002\u672c\u673a\u6784\u540e\u57281965\u5e74\u63d0\u4f9b\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u540e\uff0c\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5927\u5b66\u3002\u672c\u6821\u4e0e23\u4f4d\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<br \/>\n1909\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u7acb\u4e86Rockefeller Sanitary Commission\uff0c\u672c\u673a\u6784\u4e4b\u540e\u6839\u9664\u4e86\u94a9\u866b\u75c5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u957f\u5e74\u6765\u5371\u5bb3\u5357\u65b9\u751a\u5927\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u30021913\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08The Rockefeller Foundation\uff09\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u5e76\u6269\u5927Sanitary Commission\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u57281915\u5e74\u5c06\u4e4b\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u672c\u673a\u6784\u7ed9\u4e88\u7ea62\u4ebf5\u5343\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\uff0c\u533b\u7597\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\uff0c\u5e76\u6d3b\u8dc3\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u672c\u673a\u6784\u4e5f\u8d44\u52a9\u4e86Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86Peking Union Medical College(\u5317\u4eac\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u90e8\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u63d0\u4f9b\u6551\u63f4\uff0c\u5e76\u96c7\u7528\u4e86William Lyon Mackenzie King\u53d1\u5c55\u5de5\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<br \/>\n\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u738b\u5de5\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u5927\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4f20\u5947\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u6148\u5584\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u88ab\u903c\u5411\u7834\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5c06\u8d44\u4ea7\u5356\u7ed9\u4ed6\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u5229\u6da6\uff08\u6216\u8005\u662f\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u77f3\u6cb9\u80a1\u4efd\uff09\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u56e0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80a1\u4efd\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u5bcc\u6709\u3002\u4e0e\u4ed6\u6709\u6240\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e5f\u6709\u653f\u5ba2\u4e0e\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u62ff\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u4e0e\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u5386\u53f2\u7559\u540d\u3002<br \/>\n\u867d\u7136\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u4e09\u5b59\u5b50\u52b3\u4f26\u65af.\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u79bb\u4e16\u800c\u53bb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u5bb6\u65cf\u4f9d\u7136\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u4e0e\u5bcc\u53ef\u654c\u56fd\u76f8\u6bd4\u597d\u50cf\u7b80\u5355\u751f\u6d3b\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u4e8e\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u5bb6\u65cf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4ed6\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u5bb6\u65cf\u5bf9\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e0e\u8d22\u5bcc\u8d23\u4efb\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u65e0\u79c1\u6350\u52a9\u4f53\u73b0\u5f97\u6dcb\u6f13\u5c3d\u81f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540d\u8a00<br \/>\n\u540d\u8a00\u9009\u81ea\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u4e66\u300a\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u5199\u7ed9\u513f\u5b50\u768438\u5c01\u4fe1\u300b<br \/>\n01\u6211\u4e0d\u9760\u5929\u8d50\u7684\u8fd0\u6c14\u6d3b\u7740\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u9760\u7b56\u5212\u8fd0\u6c14\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002<br \/>\n02\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ff5\u5934\u90fd\u670d\u4ece\u4e8e\u5229\u76ca\u52a8\u673a\u3002<br \/>\n03\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8ba1\u5212\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8ba1\u5212\u5931\u8d25\u3002<br \/>\n04\u547d\u8fd0\u7ed9\u4e88\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5931\u671b\u4e4b\u9152\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u673a\u4f1a\u4e4b\u676f\u3002<br \/>\n05\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u62a2\u5728\u522b\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\u8fbe\u5230\u76ee\u7684\u3002<br \/>\n06\u667a\u6167\u4e4b\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5929\u4e0b\u6ca1\u6709\u767d\u5403\u7684\u5348\u9910\u3002<br \/>\n07\u501f\u53e3\u662f\u5236\u9020\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002<br \/>\n08\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u504f\u89c1\u59a8\u788d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002<br \/>\n09\u5f80\u4e0a\u722c\u7684\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8981\u5bf9\u522b\u4eba\u597d\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u8d70\u4e0b\u5761\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u78b0\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002<br \/>\n10\u5373\u4f7f\u8f93\u4e86\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u8be5\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5149\u660e\u78ca\u843d\u7684\u53bb\u8f93\u3002<br \/>\n11\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u6743\u800c\u6beb\u65e0\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5e9f\u7269\uff0c\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u800c\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u5806\u4e00\u6587\u4e0d\u503c\u7684\u5783\u573e\u3002<br \/>\n12\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u7edd\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<br \/>\n13\u6211\u4eec\u52b3\u82e6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u62a5\u916c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<br \/>\n14\u6211\u4e0d\u8fce\u63a5\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u6211\u6467\u6bc1\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u3002<br \/>\n15\u501f\u94b1\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u521b\u9020\u597d\u8fd0\u3002<br \/>\n16\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u8981\u8d62\u5f97\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u8d62\u5f97\u4eba\u751f\uff0c\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u7ade\u6280\u4e2d\u60f3\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u8f93\u4e86\u6211\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u6837\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<br \/>\n17\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u53d8\u6210\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5931\u8d25\u662f\u4ef6\u597d\u4e8b\u3002<br \/>\n18\u4f60\u5229\u7528\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5265\u593a\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<br \/>\n19\u4e00\u65e6\u907f\u514d\u5931\u8d25\u53d8\u6210\u4f60\u505a\u4e8b\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u6020\u60f0\u65e0\u529b\u7684\u8def\u3002<br \/>\n20\u6709\u592a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u9ad8\u4f30\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6b20\u7f3a\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u3002<br \/>\n21\u6211\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u53d6\u5f97\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u624d\u80fd\u53d8\u6210\u5f3a\u8005\u3002<br \/>\n22\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a\u7684\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u4eba\u3002<br \/>\n23\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u4ee5\u8bda\u76f8\u5f85\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u60f3\u5728\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u635e\u5230\u597d\u5904\u3002<br \/>\n24\u8d8a\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u884c\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u8d8a\u9ad8\u660e\u3002<br \/>\n25\u4eba\u8981\u6709\u8fdc\u89c1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5403\u82e6\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6536\u83b7\u3002<br \/>\n26\u8d22\u5bcc\u662f\u52e4\u594b\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<br \/>\n27\u7d2f\u574f\u81ea\u5df1\u603b\u6bd4\u653e\u7740\u673d\u574f\u8981\u597d\u3002<br \/>\n28\u6211\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d44\u672c\uff01\u6211\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<br \/>\n29\u6211\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5bcc\u7fc1\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u5229\u5f53\u7a77\u4eba\u3002<br \/>\n30\u9664\u53bb\u6076\u610f\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u906d\u53d7\u4fae\u8fb1\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u529b\u6b20\u4f73\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u80fd\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u505a\u4eba\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u505a\u4e8b\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u603b\u4e4b\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<br \/>\n31\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u540d\u548c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u540d\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\u3002\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u5b83\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4ee5\u65e0\u53ef\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\u738b\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u7edf\u6cbb\u77f3\u6cb9\u5de5\u4e1a\u5c31\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e3a\u5947\uff09<br \/>\n32\u5728\u6211\u773c\u91cc\u91d1\u94b1\u50cf\u7caa\u4fbf\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u628a\u5b83\u6563\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u8981\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u85cf\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u81ed\u4e0d\u53ef\u95fb\u3002<br \/>\n33\u4fae\u8fb1\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u52a8\u529b\u3002<br \/>\n34\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0d\u5982\u4eba\u613f\u7684\u4e8b\u5c61\u5c61\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u597d\u4e8b\u7ec8\u5c06\u5360\u5f97\u4e0a\u98ce\u3002<br \/>\n35\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u597d\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u5c31\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8981\u8fc8\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<br 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